‘To Be or Not to Be’: Is It the Question or the Point? 哈姆雷特改編成歌劇 難或不難？

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2022/06/10 第386期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 'To Be or Not to Be': Is It the Question or the Point? 哈姆雷特改編成歌劇 難或不難？ With Spate of Attacks, Islamic State Begins Bloody New Chapter in Afghanistan IS再起 重啟阿富汗血腥新篇章

'To Be or Not to Be': Is It the Question or the Point? 哈姆雷特改編成歌劇 難或不難？ 文/Stephen Greenblatt 譯/莊蕙嘉 哈姆雷特改編成歌劇 難或不難？ "Hamlet" is our culture's supreme emblem of a great artist's freedom to create something radically new. Shakespeare found a way to represent the inner life as it had never been represented before: the pressure of compulsive, involuntary memories; the haunting presence of a dead father; a son's angst in the wake of his mother's remarriage; the suicidal thoughts of a young person forced to make impossible choices in a corrupt world. 「哈姆雷特」是我們文化中一名偉大藝術家自由創造出嶄新事物的極致典範。莎士比亞發現一種以往不曾出現、表現內在人生的方式，強迫的壓力，非自願的記憶；已逝父親鬼魅般的存在，兒子發現母親再婚的苦惱，一個年輕人在腐敗世界中被迫作出令人無法忍受的選擇而產生自殺念頭。 The play, written in characteristically supple iambic pentameter, has an unforgettable music of its own, a set of rhythmic surprises sprung in the opening spondee — "Who's there?" — and developed in a thousand different ways. It is a music epitomized, even for those who have no idea that "Hamlet" is composed in verse, by the cadence of the most famous line in its most famous soliloquy: "To be, or not to be: that is the question." 這齣戲劇以富有特色且柔和的五音步抑揚格寫成，擁有自成一格且難忘的音樂性，像是一開場迸出的揚揚格「誰在那邊？」發展出一千種不同方式，即是一組饒富韻律的驚喜。即使對不知道「哈姆雷特」是以韻文寫成的人而言，這也是一齣濃縮的音樂，從它最知名的獨白，也是最出名的台詞「生存，或是毀滅，這是值得深思的問題。」即可以發現其韻律。 Now imagine the challenge of trying to write an opera based on this of all plays — as Brett Dean has done with his "Hamlet." 現在想像一下，以這些戲劇為基礎，嘗試寫一齣歌劇的挑戰，這正是布雷特．狄恩創作的「哈姆雷特」。 A handful of composers, most notably Ambroise Thomas in the mid-19th century, ventured into this territory, but none of them managed to penetrate very far into its forbidding depths. That is, until Dean wrote his adaptation, which captures something of the authentic "Hamlet" music — in all its strangeness, dissonance and haunting beauty. 一群作曲家挑戰這個領域，其中最知名的是19世紀中期的安布魯瓦茲．托馬，然而無人能夠非常深入這個冷峻的深處。直到狄恩寫出他的改編版本，才捕捉到「哈姆雷特」某種真正的音樂性，所有怪異、不協調與令人難忘的美。 The opera's gifted librettist Matthew Jocelyn reweaves the text, an intervention apparent from the opera's first moments. Hamlet enters alone and, half-singing, half-speaking, intones the words "or not to be … or not to be … or not to be." The fragment from the celebrated Act III soliloquy is followed in this opening aria by fragments taken from his other soliloquies, along with a line — "What ceremony else?" — lifted from a different character, Laertes, who speaks it in Act V, at Ophelia's grave. 這齣歌劇由充滿才華的劇本作家馬修．喬瑟林重新爬梳台詞，從歌劇的開始時刻就明顯介入。哈姆雷特獨自出場，半吟唱半說話式的吟詠著「或是毀滅...或是毀滅...或是毀滅」，這個著名的第三幕獨白開場後，接著是由他其他獨白片段組成的詠歎調，伴隨著「還有什麼儀式」的台詞，由另一個不同角色雷爾提，於第五幕時在奧菲莉亞的墓旁說出。 When Hamlet asks the visiting players to give him a passionate speech from their very best play, they begin to sing "To be or not to be." And in Ophelia's madness, she sings not her words alone but words that Hamlet has spoken to her, words that weigh like rocks dragging her down to a muddy death. "The Hamlet Zone" is a place in which words are broken up, transferred and shared, and in which the voice of one character is woven together, in both harmony and dissonance, with that of another. 當哈姆雷特要求來訪的角色給他一段他們最棒演出中的激情台詞時，他們開始唱起「生存或是毀滅」。而在奧菲莉亞發瘋後，她唱的不只是自己的台詞，還有哈姆雷特曾對她說的話，那些重如岩石般將她拖往死亡泥淖的話語。「哈姆雷特區域」是一個場域，話語在此被拆解、轉移及分享，接著用一個角色的聲音，以和諧與不和諧，將之與另一股聲音編織在一起。 Such, after all, is the special power of opera. 總而言之，這就是歌劇的特殊力量。 With Spate of Attacks, Islamic State Begins Bloody New Chapter in Afghanistan IS再起 重啟阿富汗血腥新篇章 文/Christina Goldbaum 譯/陳韋廷 IS再起 重啟阿富汗血腥新篇章 The first blast ripped through a school in Kabul, the Afghan capital, killing high school students. Days later, explosions destroyed two mosques and a minibus in the north of the country. The following week, three more explosions targeted Shiite and Sufi Muslims. 第一起爆炸發生在阿富汗首都喀布爾的一所學校，造成高中學生死亡。數日後，爆炸摧毀該國北部兩座清真寺及一輛小巴士，接下來的一周又發生3起針對什葉派與蘇菲派穆斯林的爆炸案。 The attacks of the past three weeks have left at least 100 people dead, figures from hospitals suggest, and stoked fears that Afghanistan is heading into a violent spring, as the Islamic State's affiliate in the country tries to undermine the Taliban government and assert its newfound reach. 醫院數據顯示，過去三周的攻擊造成至少100人死亡，令人憂心阿富汗正迎來一個暴力的春天，伊斯蘭國在阿富汗分支團體試圖破壞神學士政府，並鞏固自身新獲得的影響力。 The sudden spate of attacks across the country has upended the relative calm that followed the Taliban's seizing of power in August, which ended 20 years of war. 阿富汗各地突發的一連串攻擊事件，打破神學士自去年8月奪權結束20年阿富汗戰爭後相對平靜的局面。 The Islamic State affiliate in Afghanistan — known as Islamic State Khorasan — has claimed responsibility for four of the seven recent major attacks, according to SITE Intelligence Group, which tracks extremist organizations. 追蹤極端組織的賽德情報集團指，伊斯蘭國在阿富汗分支團體「呼羅珊伊斯蘭國」聲稱，對近來7起重大攻擊事件中的4起負責。 With the attacks, the Islamic State group's Afghanistan affiliate has undercut the Taliban's claim that they had extinguished any threat from the Islamic State in the country. It has also reinforced concerns about a potential resurgence of extremist groups in Afghanistan that could eventually pose an international threat. 神學士聲稱他們已消除伊斯蘭國在阿富汗的任何威脅，透過這些攻擊，伊斯蘭國在阿富汗分支團體削弱了此一說法。這也加劇阿富汗境內極端組織可能捲土重來的擔憂，這些組織最終恐對國際社會構成威脅。 Last month the Islamic State claimed it had fired rockets into Uzbekistan from northern Afghanistan — the first such purported attack by the group on a Central Asian nation. 伊斯蘭國上月聲稱從阿富汗北部向烏茲別克發射火箭炮，這是該組織首次對中亞國家發動攻擊。 Still, for most of the past six years the Islamic State has been contained to eastern Afghanistan amid U.S. airstrikes and Afghan commando raids that killed many of its leaders. But since the Taliban seized power, the Islamic State has grown in reach and expanded to nearly all 34 provinces, according to the United Nations Mission in Afghanistan. 即便如此，過去6年多數時間裡，由於美國空襲與阿富汗突擊隊擊斃伊斯蘭國許多領導人，伊斯蘭國一直被限制於阿富汗東部地區。但聯合國阿富汗援助團指出，自神學士奪權以來，伊斯蘭國勢力範圍不斷擴大，幾乎擴及全國34個省份。 After the Taliban broke open prisons across the country during their military advance in the summer, the number of Islamic State fighters in Afghanistan doubled to nearly 4,000, the U.N. found. 聯合國發現，神學士在去年夏天軍事進攻中攻破阿富汗各地監獄後，伊斯蘭國武裝分子倍增至近4,000人。 The group also ramped up its activity across the country, said Abdul Sayed, a security specialist and researcher who tracks the Islamic State group's Afghanistan affiliate and other jihadi groups. In the last four months of 2021, the Islamic State carried out 119 attacks in Afghanistan, up from 39 during the same period a year earlier. 追蹤伊斯蘭國在阿富汗分支團體與其他聖戰組織的安全專家與研究人員薩耶德說，該組織還加強在全國各地活動。伊斯蘭國在2021年最後四個月於阿富汗發動119起攻擊，高於一年前同期的39起。

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