2018年12月17日 星期一

The Library of Alexandria 古文明的知識中心 ── 亞歷山大圖書館


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The Library of Alexandria  古文明的知識中心 ── 亞歷山大圖書館
by Bruce E. Bagnell

Let’s take a journey into one of the most fascinating libraries of the ancient world.
讓我們啟程探索古文明世界中最引人入勝的其中一座圖書館。

    

  Every major city in the world today has a library. That was not always the case. Only a few cities in the ancient world were home to libraries. Perhaps the greatest of those was the Library of Alexandria in Egypt.
  Built in the third century BCE, the library was dedicated to the Muses, the nine goddesses of the arts, and was made up of several buildings. This center of ancient learning was comprised of not only hundreds of thousands of scrolls but also a reading room, meeting rooms, lecture halls, gardens, and a dining room for local and visiting scholars. Some say it was a blueprint for future university campuses.
  The library’s main collection held works on astronomy, philosophy, architecture, physics, mathematics, geography, medicine, and other important topics of the day. Some of the greatest ancient minds visited and worked there, including Euclid, Galen, Archimedes, and Eratosthenes. Foreign scholars were welcomed and even given stipends by the Egyptian pharaohs to support themselves during their stays. The library housed the known writings and research of the day. To deal with its vast collection, a system of categorization had to be developed, laying the groundwork for today’s library cataloging systems. Another development that was first seen in the Library of Alexandria was the concept of a book. Since many writings could not be completed on a single piece of papyrus, several scrolls were required for lengthy works, and each one became divided like chapters.
  Due to fires, foreign conquest, and even earthquakes, the library was eventually destroyed. Still, the spirit of research and its organization survived, as other libraries came to life afterwards. They are rooted in the glorious accomplishments of the Library of Alexandria.
------------------------------------------
1. What is the main purpose of this article?
(A) To introduce the world’s smallest library.
(B) To encourage people to study at libraries.
(C) To share the history of the Library of Alexandria.
(D) To compare the Library of Alexandria with modern ones.
------------------------------------------
2. What is true about the Library of Alexandria?
(A) It was built by international scholars.
(B) It was a complex of buildings and facilities.
(C) It held the world’s tallest buildings at the time.
(D) It was located in the capital of Ancient Egypt.
------------------------------------------
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) Who used the Library of Alexandria.
(B) When the Library of Alexandria was built.
(C) How long it took to build the Library of Alexandria.
(D) Where the Library of Alexandria was built.
------------------------------------------
4. What does the word “stipends” in the third paragraph most likely mean?
(A) Amounts of money.
(B) Comfortable chairs.
(C) House servants.
(D) Research assistants.


 

blueprint n. 藍圖;計畫
astronomy n. 天文學
physics n. 物理學
mathematics n. 數學
stipend n. 薪俸;津貼
categorization n. 分類
: categorize vt. 對……進行分類
papyrus n. 莎草紙
complex n. 綜合建築

1. be home to...  ……的所在地/棲息地
The ocean is home to lots of marine life.
大海是許多海洋生物的棲息地。

2. be dedicated to N/V-ing  獻給/致力於……
: dedicate oneself to N/V-ing
That nurse is dedicated to helping her patients recover as quickly as possible.
那名護士致力於幫助病人早日康復。

3. be comprised of...  由……組成
This book is comprised of stories written by children.
這本書是由小朋友所寫的故事彙集而成。

4. lay the groundwork for...  為……奠定基礎
groundwork n. 基礎,根基
Mr. Lee is trying to lay the groundwork for the future education of our class.
李老師試著為我們班的未來教育打下基礎。

5. be rooted in...  源自於/根植於……
Our city’s traffic problems are rooted in poor planning and overpopulation.
我們城市的交通問題源自於規劃不當以及人口過剩。

1. scroll n. 卷軸
Chinese scroll paintings are one of the most distinct art forms in Chinese culture.
中國的卷軸畫是中華文化中最有特色的藝術創作形式之一。

2. lecture n.(尤指大學中的)講課,講座 & vt. 告誡;講課
Doreen attended a series of lectures on Emily Dickinson’s poems.
朵琳修了一系列關於艾蜜莉•狄更森詩作的課程。
Our teacher always lectures us on the importance of exercise.
老師總是告誡我們運動的重要性。

3. philosophy n. 哲學;人生觀
My main philosophy in life is treating others as I would want them to treat me.
我主要的人生哲學是希望別人如何待我、我就如何待人。

4. architecture n. 建築學;建築設計
This architecture perfectly unifies Western and Eastern styles.
這建築設計完美地結合了東西方的風格。

5. mind n.(某領域裡)有才智的人
Some of the finest minds in this country are working together to fight against poverty.
這個國家裡最優秀的一些人才正攜手對抗貧窮。

6. vast a.(量)很大的;廣闊的
The government plans on putting vast amounts of money into the country’s welfare system.
該政府計劃在該國社福系統上投入大量資金。

7. catalog vt. 將??編入目錄(本文為動名詞用法)
We hope to catalog the different types of plants during our research in that area.
我們期盼在那個區域做研究時,能將不同的植物編目。

8. lengthy a. 冗長的
We had a lengthy talk about what to do with the money we found.
我們對於要如何處理撿到的這筆錢討論了很久。

9. conquest n. 征服
: conquer vt. 克服;征服
The warriors failed in their conquest of new territory.
那些戰士沒能成功征服新領土。
Sharon’s strength and determination helped her conquer breast cancer.
雪倫的毅力和決心幫助她戰勝乳癌。

10. glorious a. 光榮的,輝煌的
The fans all went crazy after their team’s glorious victory in the championship game.
那支球隊在冠軍賽中奪下輝煌的勝利後,所有球迷都瘋狂慶賀。

11. accomplishment n. 成就
: accomplish vt. 完成;達到
Helping others gives Christine a sense of accomplishment.
幫助他人讓克莉絲汀很有成就感。
Unfortunately, we haven’t accomplished our goal this year.
很可惜,我們今年還沒有達到目標。

12. assistant n. 助理(常與介詞 to 並用)
Amy had an interview with the special assistant to the chairperson.
艾咪跟主席的特助進行一次訪談。

Still, the spirit of research and its organization survived, as other libraries came to life afterwards.
注意
as 作副詞連接詞時有下列三種解釋:
a. 表「隨著……」或「當……的時候」,即等於 when。
That actor has become more attractive as he has gotten older.
那名男演員上了年紀後變得更有魅力。
b. 表「因為」,即等於 because。
As Debbie has apologized to me, I’m going to forgive her.
由於黛比已向我道歉,因此我會原諒她。
c. 表「雖然」,即等於 though 或 although。
Tired as Andy was, he still stayed up late.
雖然安迪很累,他仍然熬夜。

古文明的知識中心 ── 亞歷山大圖書館
讓我們啟程探索古文明世界中最引人入勝的其中一座圖書館。

  

  如今,世界上每一座大城市都有圖書館。但過去的情況並非總是如此。在古文明世界中,只有幾座城市有圖書館。其中最偉大的或許是埃及的亞歷山大圖書館。
  這間圖書館建於西元前三世紀,是為了九位藝術女神繆思所建,並由幾棟建築物組成。這座古老的學術中心不僅藏有數十萬個卷軸,也擁有一間閱覽室、一些會議室、演講廳、花園以及供當地與來訪學者使用的一間餐廳。有人說它是未來大學校園的藍圖。
  這間圖書館的主要館藏包括天文學、哲學、建築學、物理學、數學、地理學、醫學以及其他關於當代重要主題的作品。古代一些最偉大的才智人士都曾走訪並在那工作,包括歐幾里得、蓋倫、阿基米德以及埃拉托斯特尼。外國學者受到歡迎,甚至獲得埃及法老王頒發的薪俸,好讓他們在停留期間養活自己。這間圖書館收藏了有名的著作和當代研究資料。為了處理該館龐大的館藏,必須發展出一套分類系統,其為現今的圖書館編目系統奠定了基礎。另外一項在亞歷山大圖書館首次為人所見的發展是書本的概念。由於諸多作品無法在一張莎草紙上完成,長篇作品需要數個卷軸,而每一個卷軸被以像是章節的方式劃分。
  由於火災、外來民族的征服,甚至還有地震,該圖書館最終被摧毀了。然而,隨著其他圖書館在後來誕生,其研究與組織的精神仍繼續存在。這些圖書館以亞歷山大圖書館的輝煌成就為根基發展而成。
------------------------------------------
1. 本文的主旨是什麼?
(A) 介紹世界上最小的圖書館。
(B) 鼓勵人們在圖書館讀書。
(C) 分享亞歷山大圖書館的歷史。
(D) 比較亞歷山大圖書館與現代圖書館。
題解:全文皆在介紹亞歷山大圖書館及其歷史,故 (C) 項應為正選。
------------------------------------------
2. 關於亞歷山大圖書館,下列敘述何者為真?
(A) 它是由國際學者所建造。
(B) 它是擁有幾棟建築物與設施的綜合大樓。
(C) 它擁有當時全世界最高的建築。
(D) 它位於古埃及的首都。
題解:根據本文第二段,這座古老的學術中心不僅藏有數十萬個卷軸,也擁有一間閱覽室、一些會議室、演講廳、花園以及供當地與來訪學者使用的一間餐廳,故 (B) 項應為正選。
------------------------------------------
3. 本文並未提及下列哪一項敘述?
(A) 誰曾經使用亞歷山大圖書館。
(B) 亞歷山大圖書館何時被建造。
(C) 亞歷山大圖書館是花了多久的時間建造而成。
(D) 亞歷山大圖書館在哪裡被建造。
題解:全文僅提及這間圖書館建於西元前三世紀,並未說明花了多久的時間建造,故 (C) 項應為正選。
------------------------------------------
4. 本文第三段的 stipends 一詞最接近的意思是什麼?
(A) 一筆一筆的金錢。
(B) 舒適的椅子。
(C) 家庭傭人。
(D) 研究助理。
題解:stipend 一詞意思為「薪俸;津貼」,與 (A) 項敘述最為接近,故為正選。
答案:
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A

 
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